This paper makes three primary contributions. Firstly, it provides a systematic evaluation of the externalities of wind turbines based on the wind power construction dataset and geographic information on PBP. The wind power construction China serves as a natural experiment to evaluate potential negative externalities of wind power on PBP within a 10 km buffer zone. Secondly, we evaluate the temporal dynamic effects of wind turbine construction and captures their heterogeneous effects on season, elevation, land types, and other characteristics. Thirdly, we discuss the potential negative contributions of increasing wind power to low-carbon transformation. Specifically, we estimate the total carbon sink and economic value loss of forest trees from wind turbine construction
using the cumulative volume expansion and carbon tax method, respectively, which provides a reference point for policymakers to consider the sustainability of vegetation protection and the ecological environment and achieve low-carbon transformation goals.
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